Multinationalism - Print
What is multinationalism?
Multinationalism is a corporation which is registered in more than one country or they have operations in more than one country.,
Why are newspapers multinational?
There are a lot of different reasons why newspapers are multinational. The reason for this is because you can read a lot of different newspapers on the internet. This means that you can read a newspaper from anywhere in the world. Multinationalism has risen in print since the newspapers have introduced electronic versions of the newspaper where you can pay a weekly subscription so that you have a copy of the newspaper wither on your laptop or on your electronic devices. This means that people are able to research more about the stories that they are reading. Some newspapers though are not free of charge.
The most common website which you can read the news is the BBC Website. It's quick and easy and you can read it in 27 different languages which means that it is one of the most popular websites overseas.
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| Rupert Murdoch |
Keith Rupert Murdoch was born on 11th March 1931. He is an Australian American media mogul. He became managing director of Australia’s News Limited which he inherited from his father in 1952. He is also the founder and the Chairman and CEO of global media holding company called News Corporation. It is also the world’s second largest media conglomerate.
In the 1950s and the 60s, Murdoch acquired different newspapers in Australia and New Zealand before he expanded in the United Kingdom in 1969, when he took over the News of the World and then The Sun. He then moved to New York in 1974 so that he can expand into the US market but he retained his interests in Australia and Britain. In 1981, he bought The Times which was his first British broadsheet and he became a naturalised US citizen in 1985.
In 1986 he was keep to adopt newer electronic publishing technologies when he consolidated his UK printing operation in Wapping which caused bitter industrial disputes. His News Corporation bought Twentieth Century Fox (1985), Harper Collins (1989) and also The Wall Street Journal (2007). He also formed BSkyB in 1990 and also during the 90s he expanded into the Asian and South American networks. By 2000 his News Corporation owned over 800 companies in more than 50 countries with a net worth of over $5 billion.
In July 2011 Murdoch faced allegations that his companies which include the News of the World which is owned by News Corporations had been hacking phones of celebrities, royalty and even public citizens. He also faces police and government investigations into bribery and corruption by the British government and also FBI investigations in the US. On July 21st 2012 he resigned as director of News International.
Early Life
Murdoch was born in Melbourne and the only son of Sir Keith Murdoch (1885 - 1952) and Elisabeth Greene (1909 - 2012). He also has English, Irish and Scottish ancestry. His parents were born in Melbourne. His father was a renowned war correspondent and was later a regional newspaper magnate. He also asked for rendezvous with his future wife after seeing her ser debutante photograph in one of his newspapers. They got married in 1928 when she was just ages 19 and he was 23 years her senior. They also has three daughters in addition to Rupert: Janet Calvert-Jones, Anne Kantor and Helen Handbury.
Murdoch attended Geelong Grammar School where he experienced first hand knowledge of editing a publication when he was the co-editor of the school’s official journal The Corian and also the editor of the student journal If Revived. He took part in his school’s cricket team to the National Junior Finals. He also worked part-time for the Melbourne Herald as he was being groomed by his father to take over the family business. Murdoch studied Philosophy, Politics and Economic at Worcester College, the University of Oxford in England where he became a Labour Leader supporter and also manages Oxford Student Publications Limited which is the publishing house of Cherwell Newspapers. After her husband died from cancer in 1952 Elisabeth Murdoch invested herself in her charity work, and also as life governor of the Royal Women’s Hospital in Melbourne and also established the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute.
Activities in Australia and New Zealand
After his father’s death when he was just 21 Murdoch then returned from Oxford so that he can take charge of the family business News Limited which was established in 1923. He then turned its newspaper Adelaide News, its main asset into a success. He then began to direct his attention to buying and expanding the very troubled Sunday Times in Perth, Western Australia (1956) and then over the next few years bought suburban and provincial newspapers in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and the Northern Territory which includes the Sydney afternoon tabloid, The Daily Mirror (1960). The Economist describes Murdoch as “inventing the modern tabloid” since he developed a pattern for his newspapers, increasing sports and coverage on scandals and also adopting eye-catching headlines.
His first move outside Australia is when he was involved in the purchase and the controlling interest in the New Zealand daily The Dominion. While he was touring New Zealand with some friends in 1964 in a rented Morris Minor after sailing across the Tasman, Murdoch read of a takeover bid by the British based Canadian newspaper magnate, Lord Thomson of Fleet. At the spur of the moment he launched a counter bid. The four-way battle for the newspaper Murdoch became successful buying the newspaper. Later that same year, he launched The Australian which was Australia’s first national daily newspaper. It was based first in Canberra and then later in Sydney. In 1972 Murdoch bought the Sydney morning tabloid The Daily Telegraph from the Australian media mogul Sir Frank Packer who then later regretted selling the newspaper to Murdoch. In 1984 Murdoch was then appointed Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) for his services to publishing.
In 1999, Murdoch significantly expanded his music holdings in Australia when he bought a controlling share in a leading Australian independent label, Michael Gudinski’s Mushroom Records. He then merged it with Festival Records and the result was Festival Mushroom Records (FMR). Both the Festival and FMR has been managed by Murdoch’s son James for several years.
Business Activities in the UK
In 1968 Murdoch entered the UK newspaper market when he bought the newspaper News of the World) and then the next year buying the struggling newspaper The Sun from IPC. He then turned The Sun into a tabloid format which reduced costs by using the same printing press for the newspapers. When he bought it he appointed Albert ‘Larry’ Lamb as the editor and Lamb later recalled that he told him"I want a tear away paper with lots of tits in it". In 1997 The Sun attracted 10 million readers daily. In 1981 he bought the struggling Times and Sunday Times from the Canadian newspaper publisher Lord Thomson of Fleet. The ownership of this newspaper came through his relationship with Lord Thomson who grew tired of losing his money on it and as a result stopped publication of it. In the light of his success and the expansion at The Sun the owners then believed that Murdoch could turn things around at the newspaper. Harold Evans, Editor of the Sunday Times from 1967 was made the head of the daily Times, although he only stayed a year after a editorial conflict with Murdoch.
In 1986, Murdoch introduced electronic production process of his newspapers in Australia, UK and the USA. This then led to reductions in the number of employees who are involved in the printing process. In England the move then roused the anger of the print unions, which then resulted in a long and sometimes often violent dispute that played out in Wapping which is one of London’s docklands areas, where Murdoch has then installed the very latest electronic newspaper purpose-built publishing factory in an old warehouse. The dispute first started with the dismissal of 6,000 employees who had gone on a strike which then resulted in street battles and demonstrations. In 1987 the workers who were dismissed accepted a settlement of £60 million.
Murdoch’s British-based satellite network, Sky Television had incurred massive losses in their early years of operation. Just like with other of his business interests, Sky was heavily subsided by the profits which were generated by his other holdings, but was convinced the rival satellite operator British Satellite Broadcasting so that they can accept a merger on his terms on 1990. They were also quick to see the advantages of direct to home (DTH) satellite broadcasting which did not require costly cable networks and the merged company BSkyB dominated the British pay-TV market ever since. By 1996 BSkyB had over 3.6 million subscribers, which was triple the number of cable customers in the UK. The British financier Lord Jacob Rothschild who was a close friend to Murdoch since the 1960s, served as his deputy chairman of Murdoch’s BSkyB corporation from 2003 - 2007. Murdoch also jointly invested with Rothschild in a 5.5% stake in Genie Oil and Gas which got shale gas and oil from Israel.
In response to the print media decline and also the increasing influence of online journalism during the 2000’s Murdoch proclaimed his support of the micropayments model for obtaining revenue from online news. This although has faced some criticism by some people.
The News Corporation has subsidiaries in the Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Channel Islands and the Virgin Islands. From 1986, News Corporation’s annual tax bill averaged around 7&% of its profits.
BBC Online
BBC Online is the name of and the home of the BBC’s UK online service. It is a large network of websites which includes very high profile sites such as BBC News and Sport. There is also an on-demand video and radio services which were co-branded BBC iPlayer, the pre-school site CBeebies and also learning services such as Bitesize. The BBC has also had an online presence in supporting their TV and radio programmes and web-only initiatives since 1994 but they didn’t launch officially until December 1997 when it gained government approval so that it can be funded by TV licence fee revenue as a service in their own right. Throughout their short history, the online plans of the BBC have been subject to harassment from their rivals which have resulted in many different public consultations and also government reviews so that they can investigate their claims that their large presence and also with public funding distorts the UK market.
The website has also gone through a lot of different branding changes since it was launched. It was originally called BBC Online and then it was rebranded as BBCi before then being renamed bbc.co.uk. It was then branded BBC Online again in 2008.
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